Era and Timeline of Chinese History (¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¬Ó«Ò¦~¸¹¦è¤¸¹ï·Óªí) ==================================================================== Version 1.2a, Compiled by Seke Wei on Mar 9, 1998 Please select the character code you can read: [Big5] | [GB] | [Hz] | [Euc-Jis] | [Shift-Jis] | [Jis] 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 .*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*.. <+ ¥Á°ê (Republic, 1912-) +---²M---+ (Qing/Ch'ing, 1616-1911) +---©ú---+ (Ming, 1368-1644) +¤¸+ (Yuan, 1207-1367) +ª÷+ (Jin/Chin/Juchen, 1115-1234) +-¦è®L+ (Western Xia/Hsia, 1032-1227) +-¿ñ--+ (Liao, 907-1125) +--§º---+ (Song/Sung, 960-1279) ++¤­¥N¤Q°ê (Five Dynasties/Ten Kingdoms,902-979) +---­ð---+ (Tang/T'ang, 618-907) (Sui, 581-618) ++¶¦ (Southern/Northern Dynasties,386-589) +-----+«n¥_´Â (Sixteen Kingdoms, 304-439) +----+¤­­J¤Q¤»°ê (Jin/Chin, 265-420) +-®Ê-+ (Three Kingdoms, 220-280) ++¤T°ê (Han, bc206-220) +---º~------+ (Qin/Ch'in, bc248-bc207) ++¯³ (Zhou/Chou, bc1121-bc249) +-----©P----> .*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*..*.. 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 bc600,000 fossilized skull unearthed in Shanxi Province in 1963 bc400,000 Sinanthropus pekinensis, known as Peking Man unearthed in 1923 at Zhoukoudianzhen (©P¤f©±) near Peking bc50,000-bc35,000 artifacts of a late Old Stone Age man unearthed in the upper caves of Zhoukoudianzhen bc4,000-bc3,000 villages found in the area of the great bend of the Huang He (¶Àªe) on the North China Plain bc3,000-bc2,000 pots found in Yangshao (¥õ»à) village in Northwestern China and in Lungshan (Às¤s) in Northeastern China in Shandong Province Huangdi-Xuanyuan ¶À«Ò°aÁÕ¤ó (bc2697?-bc2599?,­p99¦~) Shaohan-Jintian ¤Ö©þª÷¤Ñ¤ó (bc2598?-bc2515?,­p84¦~) Zhuanxu-Gaoyang ÃF¹z°ª¶§¤ó (bc2514?-bc2437?,­p78¦~) Diku-Gaoxin «ÒôA°ª¨¯¤ó (bc2436?-bc2367?,­p70¦~) Dizhi-Gaoxin «Ò¼°°ª¨¯¤ó (bc2366?-bc2358?,­p9¦~) Tangyao ­ð³ó (bc2357?-bc2258?,­p100¦~) Yushun ¸·µÏ (bc2257?-bc2208?,­p50¦~) Xia (Hsia) ®L (bc2207?-bc1766?,­p442¦~) Shang °Ó (bc1765?-bc1122?,­p644¦~) Zhou (Chou) ©P (bc1121?-bc249,­p873¦~) bc200 bc300 bc400 bc500 bc600 bc700 bc800 bc900 bc100 bc1100 bc1200 .....*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......* <-----+ º~ (Han, bc206-220) +-+ ¯³ (Qin/Ch'in, bc248-bc207) +----ªF©P¾Ô°ê----+ (Warring States, bc475-bc221) +-----ªF©P¬K¬î-------+ (Spring and Autumn ,bc770-bc476) (Western Zhou/Chou, bc1121?-bc771) +---------¦è©P-----------+ (Shang, bc1765?-bc1122?) +--°Ó--> .....*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......* bc200 bc300 bc400 bc500 bc600 bc700 bc800 bc900 bc100 bc1100 bc1200 Western Zhou/Chou ¦è©P (bc1121?-bc771,­p351¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ----- bc1134? ªZ¤ý§Y¦ì bc1121? °Ó·À bc1115? ¦¨¤ý bc1078? ±d¤ý bc1077 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc1052? ¬L¤ý bc1017 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc1001? ¿p¤ý bc957 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc950? ¦ò±ÐÄÀ­{¦È¥§¦ò bc950? (Shakyamuni,bc1029?-bc950?,bc469?-bc390?)³u bc946? ¦@¤ý bc934? Åt¤ý bc909? §µ¤ý bc897 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc894? ¦i¤ý bc878? ¼F¤ý(-bc828) bc841? [¥v°O]¦~ªí¦Û¥»¦~°_ bc837 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc827? «Å¤ý bc781? «Õ¤ý bc779? ½Ç¤ó¨üÃd bc777 ¥Ò¤l¦~ Eastern/Later Zhou/Chou ªF©P (bc770-bc221,­p522¦~) Spring and Autumn Period/CunChiou/Ch'un-ch'iu ¬K¬î (bc770-bc476) ¦è¤¸ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ----- bc770 ¥­¤ý(©y¦Ý)§Y¦ì bc770 ¦U½Ñ«J¥ß°ê bc767 ¾G·Àç~ bc722 ¾|Áô¤½¤¸¦~,[¬K¬î]°O¸ü¦Û¥»¦~°_ bc719 ®Ù¤ý bc717 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc696 ²ø¤ý bc685 »ô¥ÎºÞ¥ò(-bc645) bc681 ¹¯¤ý bc679 »ô®Ù¤½(¤p¥Õ,-bc643)ºÙÅQ bc676 ´f¤ý bc661 ®Ê·ÀÃQ,ÀN bc657 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc655 ®ÊÄm¤½(-bc651)±þ¤Ó¤l¥Ó¥Í,¤½¤l(-bc628)­«¦Õ°k¨f bc655 ®Ê·Àç~,¸· bc651 Á¸¤ý bc636 ­«¦Õ§Y¦ì¬°®Ê¤å¤½(-bc628) bc632 «°À䤧§Ð,®Ê²v½Ñ°ê±Ñ·¡,®ÊºÙÅQ bc623 ·¡·À¦¿ bc618 ³¼¤ý bc612 ¦J¤ý bc606 ©w¤ý bc597 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc585 ²¤ý bc571 ÆF¤ý bc557 »ô·ÀµÜ¦i bc551 ¤Õ¤l(Confucius, bc551-bc479)½Ï¥Í bc544 ´º¤ý bc537 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc536 ¾G®_¬Û¤l²£Å±¦¨¤åªk©ó¹© bc520 ±¥¤ý bc519 ·q¤ý bc515 §d¤ýÂó¾[§Y¦ì bc512 ®]ªZ(Sun Tzu, bc535-)§ë®ÄÂó¾[ bc512 §d·À®} bc505 ¶V«I§d bc505 ´¿¤l(bc505-bc436)¥Í bc500 »ô®Ë¤l(-bc500)³u bc494 §d¤ý¤Ò®t(-bc473)©ó·|½]±Ñ¶V¤ý¤Ä½î bc483 ¤l«ä(bc483?-bc402?)¥Í,µÛ¦³[¤¤±e] bc483 ÃC¦^(bc514?-bc483?)³u bc481 ¤Õ¤l(¤Õ¥C,bc551-bc479)[¬K¬î]ÀÁµ§ bc480 ¾¥¤l(¾¥»C,bc480?-bc390?)¥Í bc480 ¤l¸ô(¥ò¥Ñ,bc542-bc480)³Q±þ bc477 ¥Ò¤l¦~ Warring States Period (ZhanGuo, Chan-kuo) ªF©P¾Ô°ê (bc475-bc221) ¦è¤¸ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ----- bc475 ¤¸¤ý§Y¦ì bc473 ¶V¤ý¤Ä½î³ò§d¤ý¤Ò®t(-bc473),¶V·À§d bc468 ­s©w¤ý bc447 ·¡·À½² bc445 ·¡·À§û bc441 «s¤ý bc441 «ä¤ý bc440 ¦Ò¤ý bc431 ·¡·À²÷ bc425 «Â¯P¤ý bc417 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc403 [¸êªv³qŲ]½s¦~¥v¦Û¥»¦~¶}©l bc403 Áú,ÃQ,»¯¤T®a¤À®Ê bc401 ¦w¤ý bc380 ´f¬I(Hui Shih, bc380-)¥Í bc375 ¯P¤ý bc375 Áú·À¾G bc372 ©s¤l(Mencius, bc372-bc289)¥Í bc369 ²ø¤l(Chuang-tzu, bc369-bc286)¥Í bc368 Åã¤ý bc361 ¯³¥Î°Ó»ß(-bc338) bc357 ¥Ò¤l bc328 ¯³¥Î±i»ö(-bc309) bc320 ·Vè°¤ý bc316 ¯³·À¸¾ bc314 ³i¤ý bc300 ¯û¤l(Hsun-tzu, bc300-bc230)¥Í bc299 ¯³¥Î©s¹Á§g bc297 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc289 ©}­ì(bc343?-bc289?)§ëËSù¦¿ bc279 ¥Ð³æ´_»ô bc260 ªø¥­¤§§Ð,¯³¥Õ°_(-bc257)¯}»¯ bc255 ´f¤ý Qin/Ch'in ¯³ (bc248-bc207,­p42¦~) bc200 bc300 bc400 bc500 bc600 bc700 bc800 bc900 bc100 bc1100 bc1200 .....*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......* <-----+ º~ (Han, bc206-220) +-+ ¯³ (Qin/Ch'in, bc248-bc207) +----ªF©P¾Ô°ê----+ (Warring States, bc475-bc221) +-----ªF©P¬K¬î-------+ (Spring and Autumn ,bc770-bc476) (Western Zhou/Chou, bc1121?-bc771) +---------¦è©P-----------+ .....*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......*......* bc200 bc300 bc400 bc500 bc600 bc700 bc800 bc900 bc100 bc1100 bc1200 ¦è¤¸ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ----- bc249 ²øÁ¸¤ý§Y¦ì bc249 ·¡·À¾| bc246 ©l¬Ó«Ò(¾Æ¬F,Shih-huang-ti,bc259-bc210) bc240 »ô¹Q­l(bc305?-bc240)³u bc238 ·¡¬K¥Ó§g(-bc238)³u bc237 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc235 §f¤£­³(-bc235)¦Û±þ bc233 Áú«D(-bc233)¦Û±þ bc230 ·ÀÁú bc228 ·À»¯ bc227 ¯ð¶a(-bc227)¨ë¯³¤ý(bc259-bc210) bc225 ·ÀÃQ bc225 ­SàÕ(-bc225?)³Q±þ bc223 ·À·¡ bc222 ·À¿P bc221 ·À»ô,¤Ñ¤U²Î¤@ bc219 ®õ¤s«ÊÁI;¬£®}ºÖªF®ü¨D¥PÃÄ bc218 ±i¨}ŧ©ó³Õ®ö¨F bc213 §õ´µ(bc280?-bc208)«ØijµI®Ñ¥O bc209 ¤G¥@(­J¥è,-bc207) bc209 ³¯³Ó(-bc208),§d¼s(-208)¶Ã°_ bc207 ¤T¥@(¤lÀ¦,-bc206) bc207 »¯°ª(-bc207)³Q±þ Han º~ (bc206-220,­p426¦~) 300 200 100 0 bc100 bc200 bc300 .........*..........*..........*.........*.........*.........*.........*....... <----®Ê------+ (Jin, Chin, 265-420) +-¤T°ê-+ (Three Kingdoms, 220-280) +------ªFº~----------+ (Eastern Han, 25-220) ++ ·s²õ (Xin/Hsin, 9-25) (Western Han, bc206-8) +--------¦èº~---------+ (Qin/Ch'in, bc248-bc207) +---+ ¯³ (Zhou/Chou, Bc1121-bc249) +----©P------> .........*..........*..........*.........*.........*.........*.........*....... 300 200 100 0 bc100 bc200 bc300 Western Han ¦èº~ (bc206-8,­p215¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- bc206 °ª¯ª(¼B¨¹,bc256-bc195)§Y¦ì bc206 ÂEªù¤§®b bc202 ¶µ¦Ð(bc232-bc202)¯Q¦¿¦ÛºÉ bc197 Áú«H(-bc197)³Q±þ bc196 ´^¶V(-bc196)³Q±þ bc195 ´f«Ò(¼B¬Õ,bc210-bc188) bc195 §f¤Ó¦Z(-bc180)±M¬F bc195 õ´¥¬(-bc195)³Q±þ bc193 ¿½¦ó(-bc193)³u bc189 ¼ÔéD(-bc189)³u bc188 ¤Ö«Ò®¥(¼B®¥,-bc184) bc184 ¤Ö«Ò¥°(¼B¸q,§ï¦W¼B¥°) bc180 ¤å«Ò(¼BùÚ,bc202-bc157) bc180 ¸ë½Ë(bc200-bc168)¬°°ê¾Ç³Õ¤h bc178 ³¯¥­(-bc178)³u bc177 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc157 ´º«Ò(¼B±Ò,-bc141) bc154 §d·¡¤C°ê¤§¶Ã bc141 ªZ«Ò(¼B¹ý, bc156-bc87/86) bc141 ¦~¸¹¨Ï¥Î¶}©l bc140 «Ø¤¸ bc139 ±iÄÊ(-bc114)³q¦è°ì(bc139-bc132) bc134 ¤¸¥ú bc129 ½Ã«C(-bc108)¥ï¦I¥£ bc128 ¤¸®Ò bc122 ¤¸¬¼ bc119 ÀN¥h¯f(bc140-bc117)À»¦I¥£©ó¬è³s¤s bc119 §õ¼s(-bc119)¦Û±þ bc117 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc117 ¥q°¨¬Û¦p(bc179-bc117)³u bc116 ¤¸¹© bc110 ¤¸«Ê bc105 ¯Q®]¤½¥D¶ù¯Q®]¤ý©ø²ö bc104 ¤Óªì bc104 ¸³¥òµÎ(bc176?-bc104?)³u bc100 ¤Ñº~ bc99 §õ³®(-bc74)­°¦I¥£ bc98 ¥q°¨¾E(Ssu-ma Ch'ien, bc145-bc85)¨ü®c¦D bc97 [¥v°O]°Ý¥@ bc96 ¤Ó©l bc93 ªF¤è®Ò(bc154-bc93)³u bc92 ©º©M bc88 «á¤¸ bc88 §õ¼s§Q(-bc88)³Q±þ bc87 ¬L«Ò(¼B¥±³®,bc94-bc74) bc87 ÀN¥ú(-68)Äá¬F©l bc86 ©l¤¸ bc81 ÄöªZ(bc140?-bc60)Âkº~ bc80 ¤¸»ñ bc80 ®á¥°¦Ï(-bc8)³Q±þ bc74 ¤¸¥­ «Å«Ò(¼B¸ß,-bc49/48) bc73 ¥»©l bc69 ¦a¸` bc65 ¤¸±d bc61 ¯«Àï bc59 ¾G¦N(-bc49)°Ê­û´ë±ù,Àt¯÷½Ñ°ê¼Æ¸U¤H¥Xªï¦I¥£¤é³v¤ý bc57 ¥Ò¤l¦~ bc57 ¤­»ñ bc53 ¥ÌÅS bc49 ¶ÀÀs ¤¸«Ò(¼B¼],bc75-bc33/32) bc49 ¤ý¬Ó¦Z(bc71-bc13)¥~±­¶Õ¤O¥xÀY bc48 ªì¤¸ bc43 ¥Ã¥ú bc38 «Ø¬L bc33 ³º¹ç ¦¨«Ò(¼Bö},bc51-bc7) bc33 ¤ý¬L§g¶ù¦I¥£¤ý©IÁú¨¸³æ¤_ bc32 «Ø©l bc28 ªe¥­ bc24 ¶§®Ò bc20 ÂE¹Å bc16 ¥Ã©l bc12 ¤¸©µ bc8 ¸k©M bc7 «s«Ò(¼BªY,-bc1) bc6 «Ø¥­ °ò·þ±Ð­C¿q°ò·þ(Jesus Christ, bc6-30)½Ï¥Í bc2 ¤¸¹Ø bc1 ¥­«Ò(¼B­l,-bc5) 1 ¤¸©l 4 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 6 ©~Äá À©¤lÀ¦ 8 ªì©l Xin/Hsin (Wang Mang interregnum) ·s²õ (9-23,­p15¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 9 ©l«Ø°ê ¤ý²õ(Wang Mang, bc45-23)§Y¦ì 14 ¤Ñ»ñ 18 ¨ª¬Ü¤§¶Ã(18-27)°_ 20 ¦a¬Ó §ó©l«Ò (23-25,­p3¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 23 §ó©l §ó©l«Ò(¼B¥È,-25)§Y¦ì Eastern/Later Han ªFº~ (25-220,­p196¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 25 «ØªZ ¥úªZ«Ò(¼B¨q,bc5-57)§Y¦ì 56 ¤¤¤¸ 57 ©ú«Ò(¼B²ø,29-75/76) 57 ­Ø¥£°ê¤ý»º¨Ï¦Ü¬¥¶§ 58 ¥Ã¥­ 58 ¾H¬ê(2-58)³u 64 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 65 ¬£½²Øþ©¹¤ÑªÇ¨D¦ò¨å¦ò¹¬(65-67) 68 ¬¥¶§«Ø¥Õ°¨¦x 75 ³¹«Ò(¼B[¤õ¥B],57-88) 76 «Øªì 77 ¯Z¶W(Pan Ch'ao, 32-102)ÊïªF¼ÚÃä¹Ò 84 ¤¸©M 87 ³¹©M 88 ©M«Ò(¼B»F,79-105) 89 ¥Ã¤¸ 89 Äu¾Ë(-92)¯}¥_¦I¥£ 92 [º~®Ñ]§@ªÌ¯Z©T(32?-92)¦ºº»¤¤ 100 ³\·VµÛ[»¡¤å¸Ñ¦r] 105 ¤¸¿³ ¼Ü«Ò(¼B¶©,105-106) 105 «Æ©x½²­Û(-121?)Äm¯È 106 ©µ¥­ ¦w«Ò(¼BÒé,-125) 107 ¥Ãªì 114 ¤¸ªì 120 ¥Ã¹ç 121 «Ø¥ú 122 ©µ¥ú 124 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 125 ¤Ö«Ò(¼BÅt,-125) §Y¥_¶m«J 125 ¶¶«Ò(¼B«O,-144) 126 ¥Ã«Ø 132 ¶§¹Å 136 ¥Ã©M 139 ±i¿Å(78-139)³u,µo©ú¦a¾_»ö 142 º~¦w 144 «Ø±d ¨R«Ò(¼B¬±,143-145) 145 ¥Ã¹Å ½è«Ò(¼Bù@,138-146) 146 ¥»ªì ®Ù«Ò(¼B§Ó,132-167) ±ç¤Ó¦Z(-150)Äá¬F 147 «Ø©M 147 ¦w®§(¥ì­¦)¦w¥@°ª¦Ü¬¥¶§ 150 ©M¥­ 151 ¤¸¹Å 153 ¥Ã¿³ 155 ¥Ã¹Ø 158 ©µ¿Q 166 ²Ä¤@¦¸ÄÒÀD¤§º× 167 ¥Ã±d ÆF«Ò(¼B§»,156-189) 167 ¤ë¤ó¤ä°ú¦÷Æ@¦Ü¬¥¶§ 168 «Ø¹ç 169 ²Ä¤G¦¸ÄÒÀD¤§º× 172 ¿Q¥­ 178 ¥ú©M 184 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 184 ¤¤¥­ 184 ¶À¤y¤§¶Ã°_ 189 ¥ú¿Q ¤Ö«Ò(¼BÅG,175-189) §Y¥°¹A¤ý 189 ¬L¹ç ¦ó¤Ó¦Z(-189)±M¬F 189 ¥Ãº~ 189 ¤¤¥­ Äm«Ò(¼B¨ó) ¸³¨ô(-192)¾ÖÄm«Ò 190 ªì¥­ 194 ¿³¥­ 196 «Ø¦w ±ä¾Þ(155-220)®µÄm«Ò¦Û­« 198 §f¥¬(-198)³Q±þ 200 ©x´ç¤§§Ð,±ä¾Þ(155-220)¯}°K²Ð(-202) 200 ¾G¥È(127-200)³u 200 ¤ý¥R(27-100?)³u,µÛ¦³[½×¿Å] 207 ¼B³Æ(162-223)¤TÅU­TÃf,½Ð½Ñ¸¯«G(181-234) 208 ¨ª¾À¤§¾Ô,¼B³Æ(162-223)®]Åv(182-252)¯}±ä¾Þ(155-220) 210 ©P·ì(175-210)³u 217 ¾|µÂ(172-217)³u 219 ®]Åv(182-252)±ÙÃö¦Ð(160?-219) 219 §f»X(178-219)³u 220 ©µ±d Three Kingdoms ¤T°ê (220-280,­p61¦~) 300 275 250 225 200 ..........*..............*.............*..............*...............*........ <------+ ¤­­J¤Q¤»°ê (Sixteen Kingdoms, 304-439) <--------------®Ê--------------+ (Jin/Chin 265-420) (Wei, 220-265) +---------ÃQ---------------+ (Shu, 221-265) +---------¸¾--------------+ (Wu, 222-280) +--------------§d---------------------+ (Han, bc206-220) +-------º~----------> ..........*..............*.............*..............*...............*........ 300 275 250 225 200 Wei ÃQ (220-265,­p46¦~) Shu ¸¾ (221-263,­p43¦~) Wu §d (222-280,­p59¦~) ¦è¤¸ ÃQ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ¸¾¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò §d¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ---- ------- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- 220 ¶Àªì ÃQ¤å«Ò(±ä¥A,187-226)§Y¦ì 221 ³¹ªZ ¸¾¬L¯P«Ò(¼B³Æ,162-223)§Y¦ì 221 ±i­¸(-221)³Q±þ 222 ¶ÀªZ §d¤j«Ò 222 (®]Åv,182-252)§Y¦ì 223 «Ø¿³ ¸¾«á¥D(¼BÁI,-271) 226 ÃQ©ú«Ò(±äèû,-239) 227 ¤Ó©M 227 ½Ñ¸¯«G(181-234)¼g[¥X®vªí] 228 ½Ñ¸¯«G(181-234)¼g[«á¥X®vªí] 228 °¨î¢(190-228)³Q±þ 229 ¶ÀÀs 232 ¹Å¥Ý 233 «CÀs 237 ´ºªì 238 ©µº³ ¨ª¯Q 239 ÃQ»ô¤ý(±äªÚ) 240 ¥¿©l 244 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 249 ¹Å¥­ 251 ¥q°¨Åt(175-251)³u 251 ¤Ó¤¸ 252 ¯«»ñ §d·|½]¤ý(®]«G) 252 «Ø¿³ 254 ¥¿¤¸ ÃQ°ª¶Q¶m¤½(±ä»ì) ¤­»ñ 256 ¥ÌÅS ¤Ó¥­ 258 ´ºÄ£ ¥Ã¦w §d´º«Ò 258 (®]¥ð,-264) 260 ´º¤¸ ÃQ¤¸«Ò(±ä«·) 262 ¦ËªL¤C½å´R±d(223-262)³Q±þ 263 ¦ËªL¤C½å¨¿Äy(210-263)³u 263 ª¢¿³ ¸¾«á¥D°h¦ì 264 «wº³ ¤¸¿³ §d¯Qµ{¤½(®]µq) 265 ÃQ¤¸«Ò°h¦ì ¥ÌÅS 265 ¥q°¨¬L(221-265)³u 266 Ä_¹© 269 «Ø¿Å 272 »ñ°Ä 275 ¤Ñîß 276 ¤Ñâ 277 ¤Ñ¬ö 280 §d¯Qµ{¤½°h¦ì Jin/Chin ®Ê (265-420,­p156¦~) 600 500 400 300 200 .......*..............*..............*..............*..............*......... <---+ ­ð (Tang/T'ang, 618-907) +-----+ ¶¦ (Sui, 581-618) +----------«n´Â----------+ (Southern Dynasties, 420-589) +------------¥_´Â-------------+ (Northern Dynasties, 386-581) (Sixteen Kingdoms, 304-439) +----¤­­J¤Q¤»°ê----+ (Eastern Jin/Chin, 317-420) +----ªF®Ê------+ (Western Jin/Chin, 265-316) +--¦è®Ê--+ (Three Kingdoms, 220-280) +-¤T°ê--+ (Han, bc206-220) +----º~-----> .......*..............*..............*..............*..............*......... 600 500 400 300 200 Western Jin/Chin ¦è®Ê (265-316,­p52¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 265 ®õ©l ªZ«Ò(¥q°¨ª¢,236-290)§Y¦ì 275 «w¹ç 280 ¤Ó±d 284 §ù¹w(222-284)³u,µÛ¦³[¬K¬î¥ª¤ó¸g¶Ç¶°¸Ñ[ 290 ¤Óº³ ´f«Ò(¥q°¨°J,259-306) 290 ¥Ãº³ ¬Ó¦Z¸ë¤ó(-300)±M¬F 291 ¥Ã¥­ 291 ¤¸±d 297 ³¯¹Ø(233-297)³u,µÛ¦³[¤T°ê§Ó] 300 ¥Ã±d ¤K¤ý¤§¶Ã(300-306)°_ 301 ¥Ã¹ç 302 ¤Ó¦w 304 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 304 ¥Ã¦w 304 «ØªZ 304 ¥Ã¦w 304 ¥Ã¿³ 305 ¥ª«ä(250?-305?)³u,µÛ¦³[¤T³£½á],¤@®É¬¥¶§¯È¶Q 306 ¥úº³ Ãh«Ò(¥q°¨¿K,-313) 306 ¥q°¨³C(246?-306?)³u 307 ¥Ã¹Å 313 «Ø¿³ ·]«Ò(¥q°¨·~) Eastern Jin/Chin ªF®Ê (317-420,­p104¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 317 «ØªZ ¤¸«Ò(¥q°¨ºÍ,276-321)§Y¦ì«Ø±d(¤µ«n¨Ê) 318 ¤Ó¿³ 322 ¥Ã©÷ ©ú«Ò(¥q°¨²Ð,-325) 323 ¤Ó¹ç 325 ¦¨«Ò(¥q°¨­l,-342) 326 «w©M 335 «w±d 342 ±d«Ò(¥q°¨©¨,-344) 343 «Ø¤¸ 344 ¿p«Ò(¥q°¨×C,-361) 345 ¥Ã©M 353 ¤ý¿ª¤§(303?-361?)µ¥27¤H¶}Äõ«F¤§·| 356 ®Ù·Å¥_¥ï,¹Ü¦^¬¥¶§ 357 ¤É¥­ 361 «s«Ò(¥q°¨¥A,-365) 362 ¶©©M 363 ¿³¹ç 363 ¸¯¬x(284-363?)³u,µÛ¦³[©ê¦µ¤l] 364 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 365 ¼o«Ò(¥q°¨«³) 365 ³³²W©ú(365-427)¥Í 366 ¤Ó©M 371 «w¦w ²¤å«Ò(¥q°¨¬R,-372) 372 §µªZ«Ò(¥q°¨Â`,-396) 373 ¹ç±d 376 ¤Ó¤¸ 379 ²b¤g©v©l¯ª¼z»·(334-416)©óÃf¤sµ²¥Õ½¬ªÀ 383 Õó¤ô¤§¾Ô,ÁÂ¥ÛÁ¥ȯ}¯³­x²Å°í(338-385) 396 ¦w«Ò(¥q°¨¼w©v,-418) 397 ¶©¦w 399 ªkÅã(337?-423?)©¹¦L«×¨ú¸g 402 ¤¸¿³ 405 ¸qº³ 418 ®¥«Ò(¥q°¨¼w¤å) 419 ¤¸º³ Sixteen Kingdoms by Five Clans of Barbarians ¤­­J¤Q¤»°ê (304-439,­p136¦~) 304 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 304 ¼B²W(-310)°ê¸¹º~,¼BÂ`(-333)§ï¬°»¯,§Y«e»¯(304-329) 304 ¦¨(º~)¥ß(304-347),§Y«e¸¾ 319 ¥Û°Ç(274-332)¥ß«á»¯(319-350) 324 «e²D¥ß(324-376) 329 «e»¯·À 337 ¼}®e湥߫e¿P(337-370) 347 ¦¨(º~)·À 348 «á»¯¹¬¦ò¹Ï¼á(232-348)³u 350 «á»¯·À 351 Ð{°·¥ß«e¯³(351-394) 364 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 366 ¨Fªù¼Öàñ°_³y´°·×¥Û¸] 370 «e¿P·À 384 «á¯³¥ß(384-417) 384 ¼}®e««¥ß«á¿P(384-409) 385 ¦è¯³¥ß(385-431) 386 §f¥ú(337-399)¥ß«á²D(386-403) 394 «e¯³·À 397 «n²D¥ß(397-414) 398 «n¿P¥ß(398-410) 400 ¦è²D¥ß(400-420) 401 ªq´ë»X»¹(386-433)¥ß¥_²D(401-439) 401 ¤ÑªÇ°ê¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°(Kumarajiva,343?-413?)¨ìªø¦w 403 «á²D·À 407 »®³s«k«k(-425)¥ß®L(407-431) 409 ¥_¿P¥ß(409-436);«á¿P·À 410 «n¿P·À 414 «n²D·À 417 «á¯³·À 420 ¦è²D·À 424 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 431 ¦è¯³·À,®L·À 436 ¥_¿P·À 439 ¥_²D·À Southern and Northern Dynasties «n¥_´Â (386-589,­p204¦~) Southern Dynasties «n´Â (420-589,­p170¦~) Song/Sung §º (420-479,­p60¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 420 ¥Ãªì ªZ«Ò(¼B¸Î,-422)§Y¦ì 422 ¤Ö«Ò(¼B¸q²Å,-424) 423 ´º¥­ 424 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 424 ¤¸¹Å ¤å«Ò(¼B¸q¶©,-453) 433 ÁÂÆF¹B(385-433)³u 445 [«áº~®Ñ]§@ªÌ­S¾ç(-452)³Q±þ 452 §µªZ«Ò(¼BÂ@,-464) 454 §µ«Ø 457 ¤j©ú 464 ¼o«Ò(¼B¤l·~,449-465) 465 ¥Ã¥ú 465 ´º©M ©ú«Ò(¼BÑ{,-472) 465 ®õ©l 466 ¸Ö¤HÀj·Ó(414?-466) 472 ®õ¿Ý «á¼o«Ò(¼B¬R,-477) 473 ¤¸À² 477 ª@©ú ¶¶«Ò(¼B·Ç) Qi /Ch'i »ô (479-502,­p24¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 479 «Ø¤¸ °ª«Ò(¿½¹D¦¨,-482)§Y¦ì 482 ªZ«Ò(¿½ðó,-493) 483 ¥Ã©ú 484 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 493 ¼o«Ò(¿½¬L·~) 494 ¶©©÷ 494 ©µ¿³ «á¼o«Ò(¿½¬L¤å) 494 «ØªZ ©ú«Ò(¿½Æ},-498) 498 ¥Ã®õ ªF©ü«J(¿½Ä_¨÷) 499 ¥Ã¤¸ 500 ¯ª¨R¤§(429-500)³u 501 ¤¤¿³ ©M«Ò(¿½Ä_¿Ä) Liang ±ç (502-557,­p56¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 502 ¤ÑºÊ ªZ«Ò(¿½­l,-549)§Y¦ì 520 ´¶³q ¦L«×¹F¼¯¯ª®v(Bodhidharma)ªF¨Ó 527 ¤j³q 529 ¤¤¤j³q 531 [¤å¿ï]§@ªÌ¬L©ú¤Ó¤l(¿½²Î,501-531)³u 535 ¤j¦P 544 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 546 ¤¤¤j¦P 547 ¤Ó²M 549 ²¤å«Ò(¿½ºõ,-551) 550 ¤jÄ_ 551 ¤Ñ¥¿ ¿Ý³¹¤ý(¿½ªF) 552 ©Ó¸t ¤¸«Ò(¿½Ã¶,-554) 554 ­s¶§«J(¿½²W©ú) 555 ¤Ñ¦¨ 555 ²Ð®õ ·q«Ò(¿½¸U´¼) 556 ¤Ó¥­ Chen ³¯ (557-589,­p33¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 557 ¥Ã©w ªZ«Ò(³¯ÅQ¥ý,-559)§Y¦ì 559 ¤å«Ò(³¯ãÈ,-566) 560 ¤Ñ¹Å 566 ¤Ñ±d Á{®ü¤ý(³¯§B©v) 567 ¥ú¤j 568 «Å«Ò(³¯¹z) 569 ¤Ó«Ø 570 ¦^±Ð¿p¨uÀq¼w(Muhammad, 570-632)½Ï¥Í 582 «á¥D(³¯¨ûÄ_) 583 ¦Ü¼w 587 ºÕ©ú Northern Dynasties ¥_´Â (386-581,­p196¦~) Northern Wei (¥_)ÃQ (386-534,­p149¦~) ¥çºÙ«áÃQ,¤¸ÃQ ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 386 µn°ê ¹DªZ«Ò(©Ý¶[¯^,371-409)§Y¦ì 396 ¬Ó©l 398 ¤Ñ¿³ 404 ¤Ñ½ç 409 ¥Ã¿³ ©ú¤¸«Ò 414 ¯«·ç 416 ®õ±` 424 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 424 ©l¥ú ¤ÓªZ«Ò 428 ¯«óß 432 ©µ©M 435 ¤Ó©µ 440 ¤Ó¥­¯u§g 446 ¥X¼o¦ò¥O 451 ¥¿¥­ 452 ©Ó¥­ «n¦w¤ý 452 ¿³¦w ¤å¦¨«Ò(440-465) 454 ¿³¥ú 455 ¤Ó¦w 460 ©M¥­ 460 ¤j¦P¶³±^¥Û¸]¶}©l«Ø³y 465 Äm¤å«Ò(©Ý¶[¥°,454-476) 466 ¤Ñ¦w 471 ©µ¿³ §µ¤å«Ò(©Ý¶[§»,467-499) 476 ©Ó©ú 477 ¤Ó©M 484 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 494 ¾E³£¬¥¶§,¸T­J­·,¦æº~¤Æ,Àsªù¥Û¸]¶}©l«Ø³y 499 «ÅªZ«Ò(-515) 500 ´º©ú 504 ¥¿©l 508 ¥Ã¥­ 512 ©µ©÷ 515 §µ©ú«Ò(¤¸àH,-528) 516 º³¥­ 518 ¯«Àt 520 ¥¿¥ú 525 §µ©÷ 527 Å°¹D¤¸(466?-527)³u,µÛ¦³[¤ô¸gª`] 528 ªZ®õ §µ²ø«Ò(¤¸§ñ,-530) 528 «Ø¸q 528 ¥Ã¦w 530 «Ø©ú ·q«Ò 531 ´¶®õ ¸`¶{«Ò 531 ¤¤¿³ ¥X«Ò 532 ¤Ó©÷ 532 ¥Ã¿³ §µªZ«Ò(¤¸­×,510-534) 532 ¥Ãº³ Eastern Wei ªFÃQ (534-550,­p17¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 534 ¤Ñ¥­ §µÀR«Ò(¤¸µ½¨£)§Y¦ì 538 ¤¸¶H 539 ¿³©M 542 ¾èÆ}(476-542)³u 543 ªZ©w 544 ¥Ò¤l¦~ Western Wei ¦èÃQ (535-556,­p22¦~) Northern Qi ¥_»ô (550-577,­p28¦~) ¦è¤¸ ÃQ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò »ô¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- 535 ¤j²Î ¦èÃQ¤å«Ò§Y¦ì 544 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 547 °ªÅw(496-547)³u 550 ¤Ñ«O ¥_»ô¤å«Å«Ò§Y¦ì 551 ¦èÃQ¼o«Ò 554 ¦èÃQ®¥«Ò Northern Zhou/Chou (¥_)©P (557-581,­p25¦~) ¦è¤¸ ©P¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò »ô¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- 557 (¥_)©P§µ¶{«Ò(¦t¤åı) 558 (¥_)©P§µ©ú«Ò(¦t¤å·¶) 559 ªZ¦¨ ¥_»ô¼o«Ò 560 °®©ú 560 (¥_)©PªZ«Ò(¦t¤å°o,543-578) 560 ¬Ó«Ø ¥_»ô§µ¬L«Ò 561 «O©w ¤Ó¹ç 562 ªe²M ¥_»ôªZ¦¨«Ò 565 ¤Ñ²Î ¥_»ô«á¥D 566 ¤Ñ©M 570 ªZ¥­ 572 «Ø¼w 574 ©PªZ«Ò¥X¼o¦ò¥O 576 ¶©¤Æ 577 ©Ó¥ú ¥_»ô¥®¥D§Y¦ì;¦P¦~°h¦ì 578 «Å¬F (¥_)©P«Å«Ò(¦t¤å[Ùy¨©], 559-580) 579 ¤j¦¨ 579 ¤j¶H 579 (¥_)©PÀR«Ò Sui ¶¦ (581-618,­p38¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 581 ¶}¬Ó ¤å«Ò(·¨°í,541-604)§Y¦ì 587 ¬ìÁ|¶}©l 595 ­µ¼Ö®a¸UÄ_±`(556?-595?)³u 600 »º¶¦¨Ï(¤p³¥©f¤l)¤J¶¦ 601 ¤¯¹Ø 604 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 604 ·Õ«Ò(·¨¼s,569-618) 605 ¤j·~ 610 ¤j¹Bªeµ¤¤u 617 ¸q¹ç ®¥«Ò Tang/T'ang ­ð (618-907,­p290¦~) 900 800 700 600 500 400 ...........*............*............*............*............*............*.. <---+ §º (Song/Sung, 960-1279) <----¿ñ---+ (Liao, 907-1125) +----+ ¤­¥N (Five Dynasties,907-960) +-------+ ¤Q°ê (Ten Kingdoms, 902-979) +-----------------­ð------------------+ (Tang/T'ang, 618-907) +-¶¦-+ (Sui, 581-618) (Southern/Northern Dynasties, 386-589) +-------«n¥_´Â-----------> (Jin/Chin, 265-420) ®Ê +--> ...........*............*............*............*............*............*.. 900 800 700 600 500 400 ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 618 ªZ¼w °ª¯ª(§õ²W,565-635)§Y¦ì 626 ¤Ó©v(§õ¥@¥Á,600-649) 627 ­sÆ[ ¥È®N(Hsuan Tsang,602-664)¦L«×¨ú¸g(627-645) 627 »p¯x(557-627)³u 638 ¤»¯ª´f¯à(Hui Neng,638-713)¥Í 638 ¸·¥@«n(558-638)³u 641 ¤å¦¨¤½¥D(625?-680)¶ù¦Rµf¤ýªQÃÙ¤z¥¬ 641 ¼Ú¶§¸ß(557-641)³u 643 ÃQ¼x(580-643)³u 645 ¥È®N(602-664)¦^¬¥¶§µÛ[¤j­ð¦è°ì°O] 645 ÃC®v¥j(581-645)³u 645 ¤é¥»¤j¤Æ­²·s 647 ¤ý¥Èµ¦¥X¨Ï¤ÑªÇ(¦L«×) 648 ©Ð¥ÈÄÖ(578-648)³u 648 ¤Õ¿o¹F(574-648)³u 649 °ª©v(§õªv,628-683) 650 ¥ÃÀ² 656 Åã¼y 658 »u¹E¨}(596-658)³u 661 Às®Ò 664 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 664 Åï¼w 666 °®«Ê 668 Á`³¹ 670 «w¦ë 671 ¸q²b(635-713)¤ÑªÇ¨D¸g 673 µe®a詥ߥ»(-673)³u 674 ¤W¤¸ 676 »ö»ñ 679 ½ÕÅS 680 ¥Ã¶© 681 ¶}Ä£ 682 ¥Ã²E 683 ¥°¹D ¤¤©v(§õÅã,656-710) 684 ¶à¸t ºÍ©v(§õ¥¹,662-716) 684 ¤å©ú ¡]©P¡^ªZ¦Z(ªZ«h¤Ñ,Wu Tse-t'ien,625-705) 684 ¥ú¦v 685 «««ý 686 ¯«·|(686-760)¥Í 689 ¥Ã©÷ 690 ¸üªì 690 ¤Ñ±Â 692 ¦p·N 692 ªø¹Ø 694 ©µ¸ü 695 ÃÒ¸t 695 ¤Ñ??·³ 696 ¸U·³µn«Ê 696 ¸U·³³q¤Ñ 697 ¯«¥\ 698 ¸t¾ä 700 ¤[µø 700 ¨f¤¯³Ç(630-700)³u 701 ¤j¨¬ 701 ªø¦w 701 ¥Ã®õ¤½¥D(684-701)³Q±þ,³®¹Ó©ó1960-1962µo²{ 705 ¯«Às ¤¤©v(§õÅã,656-710) 706 ¯«¨q(-706)³u 707 ´ºÀs 710 ­ð¶© ºÍ©v(§õ¥¹,662-716) 710 ´º¶³ 712 ¤Ó·¥ ¥È©v(§õ¶©°ò,685-762) «UºÙ­ð©ú¬Ó,­ðªZ¬Ó 712 ©µ©M 712 ¥ý¤Ñ 713 ¶}¤¸ 716 µe®a§õ«ä°V(651-716)³u 722 ¦æ¶Ò§L¨î 724 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 740 ©s¯EµM(689-740)³u 742 ¤ÑÄ_ 742 ¤ý¤§µA(688-742)³u 745 ·¨¤Ó¯u(-756)¬°¶Q¦m 747 ­ôµÎ¿«(-757)¥ôÃ÷¥k¸`«×¨Ï 747 °ª¥PªÛ»·©º¦è°ì 752 ·¨°ê©¾(-756)¥ô®_¬Û 752 §õªL¨j(-752)³u 754 ų¯u(687-763)­u¤é¶}«ß©v 755 ¦w¸S¤s(An Lu-shan,703-757)¶Ã(755-763)°_ 755 ¤ý©÷ÄÖ(698-755?)³u 756 ¦Ü¼w µÂ©v(§õ¦ë) 758 °®¤¸ 759 ¤ýºû(Wang Wei, 699-759)³u 760 ¤W¤¸ 761 ¥v«ä©ú(-761)³Q±þ 762 Ä_À³ ¥N©v 762 ¸Ö¥P§õ¥Õ(Li Po, 701-762)³u 762 °ª¤O¤h(684-762)³u 763 ¼s¼w 765 ¥Ã®õ 766 ¤j¾ä 770 ¸Ö¸t§ù¨j(Tu Fu, 712-770)³u 770 §Â°Ñ(715-770)³u 779 ¼w©v(§õÓì«Ø,742-805) 780 «Ø¤¤ 781 ³¢¤l»ö(Kuo Tzu-i, 697-781)³u 784 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 784 ¿³¤¸ 784 ÃC¯u­ë(709-784)³u 785 ­s¤¸ 798 §f¬}»«(798-)¥Í 804 ¤é¹¬ªÅ®ü(Kukai,774-835),³Ì¼á(Saicho,767-822)ÀH»º­ð¨Ï¨ÓµØ 805 ¥Ã­s ¶¶©v(§õ»w,-806) 805 ¾Ë©v(§õ¯Â,-820) 806 ¤¸©M 808 ¤û¹¬À©,§õ©v¶{ÄÒª§°_ 816 §õ¶P(790-816)³u 819 Áú·U(768-824)¤W«µ[½×¦ò°©ªí] 819 ¬h©v¤¸(773-819)³u 820 ¿p©v(§õ«í,-824) 821 ªø¼y 824 ·q©v(§õ³ô,-826) 825 Ä_¾ä 826 ¤å«Ò(§õ©ù,809-840) 827 ¤Ó©M 831 ¤¸æÒ(779-831)³u 834 Á§ÀÜ(768?-834?)³u 836 ¶}¦¨ 839 ¤é¥»³Ì«á»º­ð¨Ï¤J­ð.¤¦¤¯ÀH¦æ. 840 ªZ«Ò(§õïí,-846) ·|©÷¼o¦ò(841-845) 841 ·|©÷ 842 ¼B¬êÁí(772-842)³u 844 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 846 «Å«Ò(§õ§Õ,-859) 846 ¥Õ©~©ö(Po Chu-i, 772-846)³u 847 ¤j¤¤ 853 ±i«Û»·µÛ[¾ú¥N¦Wµe°O] 853 §ùªª(803-853)³u 858 §õ°ÓÁô(813-858)³u 859 Åt©v(§õ½A,-873) 860 «w³q 865 ¬h¤½Åv(778-865)³u 868 ³½¥È¾÷(844?-868?)³Q±þ 870 ·Å®x¸a(812-870)³u 873 ¹¯©v(§õÅk,-888) 874 °®²Å 874 ¤ý¥PªÛ(-878)¶Ã°_ 875 ¶À±_(-884)¶Ã°_ 880 ¼s©ú 881 ¤¤©M 885 ¥úïß 888 ¤å¼w ¬L©v(§õ±Ó,-904) 889 Às¬ö 890 ¤j¶¶ 892 ´ººÖ 894 °®¹ç 898 ¥ú¤Æ 901 ¤Ñ´_ 904 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 904 ¤Ñ¯§ «s«Ò(§õ¯¬,892-908) Five Dynasties ¤­¥N (907-960,­p54¦~) Later Liang «á±ç (907-923,­p17¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 907 ¶}¥­ ¤Ó¯ª(¦¶¥þ©¾,852-912) 911 °®¤Æ 913 ¥½«Ò(¦¶¤Í­s,-923) 915 ­s©ú 921 Às¼w Later Tang «á­ð (923-936,­p613¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 923 ¦P¥ú ²ø©v(§õ¦s±å,-926) 925 ©ú©v(§õ¶à·½,-933) 926 ¤Ñ¦¨ 930 ªø¿³ 933 ¶{«Ò(§õ±q«p,-934) 934 À³¶¶ 934 ²M®õ ¼o«Ò(§õ±qÏÈ,-936) Later Jin/Chin «á®Ê (936-946,­p11¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 936 ¤ÑºÖ °ª¯ª(¥Û·qºÁ,892-942) 942 ¥X«Ò(¥Û­«¶Q) 944 ¶}¹B Later Han «áº~ (947-950,­p4¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 947 ¤ÑºÖ °ª¯ª(¼Bª¾»·,-948) 948 °®¯§ Áô«Ò(¼B©Ó¯§,-950) Later Zhou «á©P (951-960,­p10¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 951 ¼s¶¶ ¤Ó¯ª(³¢«Â,-954) 954 Åã¼w ¥@©v(®ãºa,-959) ¥X¼o¦ò¥O 959 ®¥«Ò(®ã©v°V) Ten Kingdoms ¤Q°ê (902-979,­p78¦~) 902 §d¥ß(902-937) 904 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 907 ¤ý«Ø(847-918)¥ß«e¸¾(907-925) 907 §d¶V¥ß(907-978) 907 ·¡¥ß(907-951) 907 «nº~¥ß(907-971) 909 »Ô¥ß(909-945) 924 «n¥­(¯ð«n)¥ß(924-960) 925 «e¸¾·À 934 ©sª¾²»¥ß«á¸¾(934-965) 937 §õ¿[¥ß«n­ð(937-975),³£ª÷³® 937 §d·À 945 »Ô·À 951 ¥_º~¥ß(951-979) 951 ·¡·À 958 «á©P¦æ§¡¥Ðªk 960 «n¥­(¯ð«n)·À 961 «n­ð(937-975)«á¥D(§õ·Ô,937-978)§Y¦ì 964 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 965 «á¸¾·À 971 «nº~·À 975 «n­ð·À 978 §d¶V·À 979 ¥_º~·À Song/Sung §º (960-1279,­p320¦~) 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 ....*...............*................*................*................*.... <-------¤¸---------+ (Yuan, 1207-1367) +--------ª÷---------+ (Jin/Chin/Juchen, 1115-1234) +------------¦è®L-----------------+(Western Xia/Hsia,1032-1227) (Liao, 907-1125) +-------------¿ñ----------------------+ +--------«n§º----------+ (Southern Song/Sung, 1127-1279) (Northern Song/Sung, 960-1127) +------------¥_§º------------+ (Five Dynasties,907-960) +--------+ ¤­¥N (Ten Kingdoms, 902-979) +--------------+ ¤Q°ê (Tang/T'ang, 618-907) ­ð +-----> ....*...............*................*................*................*.... 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 Northern Song/Sung ¥_§º (960-1127,­p168¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 960 «Ø¶© ¤Ó¯ª(»¯¦J­N,927-976)§Y¦ì 963 °®¼w 964 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 968 ¶}Ä_ 976 ¤Ó©v(»¯¦J¸q,939-997) 976 ¤Ó¥­¿³°ê 984 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 984 ¹lº³ 984 ¤ý©µ¼w(939-1006)µÛ[°ª©÷¦æ°O] 988 ºÝ«ý 989 ¥D¾§¹D¿Ä¦XÁô¤h³¯·i(-989)³u 990 ²E¤Æ 995 ¦Ü¹D 996 [¤Ó¥­±sÄý]°Ý¥@ 997 ¯u©v(»¯«í,986-1022) 998 «w¥­ 1004 ´º¼w ©M«´¤¦(907-1125)¿Ñ©M 1008 ¤j¤¤²»²Å 1017 ¤¸ÁH 1022 °®¿³ ¤¯©v(»¯ºÕ) 1022 ¦æ­­¥Ðªk 1023 ¤Ñ¸t 1024 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1032 ©ú¹D 1034 ´º¯§ 1038 Ä_¤¸ 1040 ±d©w 1041 ¼y¾ä 1044 ©M¦è®L(1032-1227)¿Ñ©M 1044 ²¦ª@(-1051)µo©ú¬¡¦r¦L¨ê(movable type)³N 1048 ĬµÏ´Ü(1008-1048)³u 1049 ¬Ó¯§ 1049 ­S¨R²T(989-1052)¼y¾ä·s¬F¥¢±Ñ,³Q¶S¾H¦{ 1054 ¦Ü©M 1056 ¹Å¯§ 1060 ±ö³ó¦Ú(1002-1060)³u 1063 ­^©v 1064 ªv¥­ 1067 ¯«©v(»¯¹z,1048-1085) 1068 º³¹ç 1069 ¤ý¦w¥Û(Wang An-shih, 1021-1086)Åܪk(1069-1085) 1072 ¦æ¤è¥Ð§¡µ|ªk 1072 ¼Ú¶§­×(1007-1072)³u 1073 ©P´°À[(1017-1073)³u 1078 ¤¸Â× 1079 Ĭ¸ý(Su Tung-p'o, 1036-1101)³Q¶S¶À¦{ 1079 µe®a¤å¦P(1018-1079)³u 1084 ¥Ò¤l¦~ ¥q°¨¥ú(Ssu-ma Kuang, 1019-1086)µÛ[¸êªv³qŲ] 1084 (Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government) 1085 ­õ©v(»¯·Ö,1076-1100) 1085 ¤Ó¬Ó¤Ó¦Z°ª¤ó(-1093)Äá¬F 1085 µ{ÅV(1032-1085)³u 1086 ¤¸¯§ 1086 Ĭ¸ý(1036-1101)¥ô¿«ªL¾Ç¤h 1094 ²Ð¸t 1095 ¨H¬A(1031-1095)³u,µÛ¦³[¹Ú·Ëµ§½Í] 1098 ¤¸²Å 1100 À²©v(»¯Ë¸,1082-1135) 1100 ¬Ó¤Ó¦Z¦V¤ó(-1101)Äá¬F 1101 «Ø¤¤¹t°ê 1102 ±R¹ç 1105 ¶À®x°í(1045-1105)³u 1107 ¤jÆ[ 1107 µ{À[(1033-1107)³u 1107 µe®a¦Ìªè(1051-1107)³u 1111 ¬F©M 1112 ¦æ­­¥Ð§K§Ðªk 1118 ­«©M 1119 «Å©M 1120 ¤èþ(-1121)¤§¶Ã 1121 ±ç¤sªy§º¦¿(-1122)­°§º 1125 ´Ü©v(»¯®Ù,1100-1160) 1126 ¹t±d 1126 ¹t±d¤§ÅÜ,ª÷¸¸§º´Ü©v(1100-1160),À²©v(1082-1135) Southern Song/Sung «n§º (1127-1279,­p152¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 1127 «Øª¢ °ª©v(»¯ºc,1107-1187)§Y¦ì 1130 ¦¶¿Q(Chu Hsi, 1130-1200)¥Í 1131 ²Ð¿³ 1131 ¯³ÀÌ(1090-1155)¥ô®_¬Û 1141 ¯³ÀÌ(1090-1155)±þ©¨­¸(1103-1141) 1141 µü¤H§õ²M·Ó(1081-1141)³u 1144 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1162 §µ©v(»¯[¤jǹ¥Ø]) 1163 ¶©¿³ 1165 °®¹D 1165 §ºª÷½Í©M,ºû«ù40¦~©M¥­ 1173 ¤ý¤é¥ð(¤ýµê¤¤,1110?-1173)³u,µÛ¦³[ÀsµÎ²b¤g¤å] 1174 ²Eº³ 1189 ¥ú©v(»¯±¬) 1190 ²Ðº³ 1192 ³°¤E²W(³°¶H¤s,1139-1192)³u 1193 ­S¦¨¤j(1126-1193)³u 1194 ¹ç©v(»¯ÂX,-1224) 1195 ¼y¤¸ 1196 ÁúËÉ«`(-1207)¼uÀ£¦¶¤l¾Ç¬£ 1201 ¹Å®õ 1207 ÁúËÉ«`(-1207)¥ïª÷ 1210 ³°´å(1125-1210)³u 1204 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1205 ¶}ÁH 1208 ¹Å©w 1224 ²z©v(»¯©û) 1225 Ä_¼y 1228 ²Ð©w 1234 ºÝ¥­ 1234 Áp»X¥j­x·Àª÷(1115-1234) 1237 ¹Åº³ 1241 ²E¯§ 1253 Ä_¯§ 1259 ¶}¼y 1260 ´º©w 1263 ¸ë¦ü¹D(1213-1275)¦æ¤½¥Ðªk 1264 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1264 «×©v(»¯[ÇÉ°ò]) 1265 «w²E 1274 ®¥©v(»¯[Åã-­¶]) 1275 ¼w¯§ 1275 ¤å¤Ñ²»(1236-1282)¶Ô¤ýÁ|§L 1276 ­°»X¥j­x 1276 ´ºª¢ ºÝ©v(»¯[¤é¥¿]) 1278 ²»¿³ ½Ã¤ý(«ÒÎô) Liao ¿ñ (907-1125,­p218¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 907 ¤Ó¯ª(­C«ßªü«O¾÷,872-926)§Y¦ì,°ê¸¹«´¤¦(Khitan) 916 ¯«¥U 922 ¤ÑÃÙ 925 ¤Ó©v(­C«ß¼w¥ú,-947) 926 ¤ÑÅã 937 §ï°ê¸¹¿ñ 938 ·|¦P 947 ¤j¦P ¥@©v 947 ¤Ñ¸S 951 À³¾ä ¿p©v(­C«ß©ú) 964 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 969 «O¹ç ´º©v 979 °®¦ë 982 ¸t©v 983 ²Î©M ´_§ï°ê¸¹«´¤¦ 1012 ¶}®õ 1021 ¤Ó¥­ 1024 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1031 ´ººÖ ¿³©v 1032 ­«º³ 1055 ²M¹ç ¹D©v 1065 «w¹l 1066 §ïºÙ¿ñ 1075 ¤Ó±d 1084 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1085 ¤Ó¦w 1095 ¹Ø©÷ 1101 °®²Î ¤Ñ¯®«Ò(­C«ß©µÁH) 1111 ¤Ñ¼y 1121 «O¤j 1125 ¬°ª÷(1115-1234)·À Western Xia/Hsi Hsia ¦è®L (1032-1227,­p196¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 1032 Åã¹D ´º©v(§õ¤¸©þ,1003-1048) leader of the Tangut tribes, 1032 a Tibetan people inhabiting Kansu Province 1034 ¶}¹B 1034 ¼s¹B 1036 ¤j¼y 1038 ¤Ñ±Â§ªk©µ¯® 1048 ¼Ý©v 1049 ©µ¶à¹ç°ê 1050 ¤Ñ¯§««¸t 1053 ºÖ¸t©Ó¹D 1057 ÷Ô³£ 1063 «ý¤Æ 1069 °®¹D ´f©v 1071 ¤Ñ½ç§²±°ê¼y 1076 ¤j¦w 1084 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1086 ±R©v 1086 ¤Ñ¦w§©w 1087 ¤Ñ»öªv¥­ 1090 ¤Ñ¦ö¥Á¦w 1099 ¥Ã¦w 1102 ­sÆ[ 1115 ¹l¹ç 1120 ¤¸¼w 1127 ¥¿¼w 1135 ¤j¼w 1139 ¤j¼y ¤¯©v 1144 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1144 ¤H¼y 1149 ¤Ñ²± 1171 °®¦ö 1194 ¤Ñ¼y ®Ù©v(§õ¯Â¯§) 1206 À³¤Ñ Á¸©v(§õ¦w¥þ) 1210 ¬Ó«Ø 1211 ¥ú©w ¯«©v(§õ¿í¹z) 1223 °®©w Äm©v 1226 Ä_¼y §õÕ« 1227 ¬°¤¸(1206-1367)·À Jin/Chin/Juchen ª÷ (¤k¯u) (1115-1234,­p120¦~) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 1115 ¦¬°ê ¤Ó¯ª(§¹ÃCªü¥j¥´,1069-1123)§Y¦ì 1117 ¤Ñ»² 1123 ¤Ñ·| ¤Ó©v(§¹ÃC§d¤^¶R,-1135) 1125 ·À¿ñ(907-1125) 1135 º³©v(§¹ÃCܳ,-1149) 1138 ¤Ñ²² 1141 ¬Ó²Î 1144 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1149 ¤Ñ¼w «Ò«G(§¹ÃC«G) 1153 ­s¤¸ 1156 ¥¿¶© 1161 ¤j©w ¥@©v(§¹ÃC½Ç) 1188 ³¹©v(§¹ÃC¿[,-1208) 1190 ©ú©÷ 1196 ©Ó¦w 1201 ®õ©M 1204 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1208 ¥ÃÀÙ 1209 ¤j¦w 1212 ±R¼y 1213 ¦Ü¹ç «Å©v(§¹ÃCÒ±,-1224) 1213 ­s¯§ 1217 ¿³©w 1222 ¤¸¥ú 1223 «s©v(§¹ÃC¦uºü) 1224 ¥¿¤j 1232 ¶}¿³ 1232 ¤Ñ¿³ Yuan ¤¸ (1206-1367,­p162¦~) 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 ........*...........*...........*...........*...........*...........*....... <-----+ ²M (Qing/Ch'ing,1616-1911) +---------------©ú----------------+ (Ming, 1368-1644) (Yuan, 1207-1367) +-------¤¸--------+ (Jin/Chin/Juchen, 1115-1234) +-----ª÷------+ (Western Xia/Hsia, 1032-1227) +-------¦è®L-----------> (Liao, 907-1125) +---¿ñ-----> (Song/Sung, 960-1279) +-----------§º--------------> ........*...........*...........*...........*...........*...........*....... 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 1206 ¤Ó¯ª(¦¨¦N«ä¦½,Genghis Khan,1162-1227)§Y¦ì 1227 ·À¦è®L(1032-1227) 1227 ªø¬K¯u¤H(¥C³B¾÷,1148-1227)³u 1229 ¤Ó©v(ºÛÁï¥x¦½,1186-1241) 1234 Áp«n§º(1127-1279)·Àª÷(1115-1234) 1241 ®ü°g¥¢ 1244 ­C«ß·¡§÷(1190-1244)³u 1246 ©w©v(¶Q¥Ñ¦½,1208-1248) 1248 ®ü°g¥¢ 1251 ¾Ë©v(»X­ô¦½,1208-1259) 1260 ¤¤²Î ¥@¯ª(©¿¥²¯P,Kublai Khan, 1215-1294) 1264 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1264 ¦Ü¤¸ 1271 §Y¤¤°ê«Ò¦ì,©w°ê¸¹¤¸ 1274 ²Ä¤@¦¸©º¤é 1275 °¨¥iªiù(Marco Polo,1254-1323)³XµØ 1279 ·À«n§º(1127-1279) 1281 ²Ä¤G¦¸©º¤é 1292 °¨¥iªiù(1254-1323)Â÷µØ 1294 ¦¨©v(1267-1307) 1295 ¤¸­s 1297 ¤j¼w 1300 Ãöº~­ë(1220?-1300?) 1307 ªZ©v 1308 ¦Ü¤j 1311 ¤¯©v 1312 ¬Ó¼y 1314 ©µ¯§ 1316 ³¢¦u·q(1231-1316)³u,¸Ôºâ¼Æ,¤Ñ¤å,¦a²z 1320 ­^©v 1321 ¦Üªv 1321 °¨­P»·(1250?-1321)³u 1323 ®Ê©v 1324 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1324 ®õ©w 1328 ­P©M ¤Ñ¶¶«Ò 1328 ¤Ñ¾ä ¤å©v 1329 ©ú©v 1329 ¤å©v 1330 ¦Ü¶¶ 1332 ¹ç©v 1333 ¤¸²Î ¶¶«Ò(Togon-tem, 1320-1370) 1335 ¦Ü¤¸ 1335 ¼o¤î¬ìÁ| 1341 ¦Ü¥¿ 1345 ¿ñ(907-1125),ª÷(1115-1234),§º(960-1279)¥¿¥v¼g¦¨ 1351 Áú¤sµ£(-1351),¼BºÖ³q(-1363)¬õ¤y¤§¶Ã(1351-1366)°_ Ming ©ú (1368-1644,­p277¦~) 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 ........*...........*...........*...........*...........*...........*....... <------²M---------+ (Qing/Ch'ing,1616-1911) +--------------©ú-----------------+ (Ming, 1368-1644) (Yuan, 1207-1367) +-------¤¸--------+ (Jin/Chin/Juchen, 1115-1234) +---ª÷-----> (Western Xia/Hsia, 1032-1227) +--¦è®L---> (Song/Sung, 960-1279) +------§º-------> ........*...........*...........*...........*...........*...........*....... 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 1368 ¬xªZ ¤Ó¯ª(¦¶¤¸¼ý, Chu Yuan-chang, 1328-1398)§Y¦ì 1369 ­Ø±F«I¤sªFªu©¤,­Ø±F¤§ÂZ°_ 1370 ©w¬ìÁ|ªk 1370 ¬I­@±g(1296?-1370?)³u,µÛ¦³[¤ôâq¶Ç] 1380 ­J±©±e(-1380)º»°_,¼o¤î®_¬Û 1373 ¹{¥¬¤j©ú«ß 1381 ¦æ¨½¥Ò¨î 1384 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1384 ¦A©w¬ìÁ|¨ú¤h¨î 1385 µe®a¤ý»X(1308-1385)³u 1385 ®}¹F(1332-1385)³u 1387 [³½Åì¹Ï¥U]°Ý¥@ 1398 ´f«Ò(¦¶¤¹ÍT,1377-1402?) 1399 «Ø¤å 1400 ù³e¤¤(1330?-1400?)³u,µÛ¦³[¤T°ê§Óºt¸q] 1402 ¦¨¯ª(¦¶´Ð,1360-1424) 1402 ¤è§µ¾§(-1402)³Q±þ 1403 ¥Ã¼Ö 1405 ¾G©M(Cheng Ho, 1371-1435)¤C¦¸¤U¦è¬v(1405-1433)©l 1407 [¥Ã¼Ö¤j¨å]°Ý¥@ 1420 ¥_¨Ê³]ªF¼t 1421 ¾E³£¥_¨Ê 1424 ¤¯©v(¦¶°ª¿K,1378-1425) 1425 ¬xº³ 1425 «Å©v(¦¶Äº°ò,1399-1435) 1426 «Å¼w 1435 ­^©v(¦¶ªÂÂí,1427-1464) 1435 «Æ©x±M¬F¶}©l 1436 ¥¿²Î 1444 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1449 ¤g¤ì³ù¤§ÅÜ,­^©v(1427-1464)³Q»X¥j­x¤]¥ý(-1454)«R 1449 ´º«Ò(¦¶ªÂà±,1428-1457) 1449 »X¥j­x¤]¥ý(-1454)§ð¥_¨Ê 1450 ´º®õ 1457 ¤Ñ¶¶ ­^©v(¦¶ªÂÂí,1427-1464) 1462 µe®aÀ¹¶i(1389-1462)³u 1464 ¾Ë©v(¦¶¨£²`,1447-1487) 1465 ¦¨¤Æ 1487 §µ©v(¦¶¯§åè,1470-1505) 1488 ¥°ªv 1502 [¤j©ú·|¨å]°Ý¥@ 1504 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1505 ªZ©v(¦¶«p·Ó,1491-1521) 1506 ¥¿¼w 1506 ¤ý¶§©ú(1472-1529)¶S¶Q¦{ 1509 µe®a¨H©P(1427-1509)³u 1510 «Æ©x¼B½@(-1510)³u 1521 ¥@©v(¦¶«pæp,1507-1566) 1522 ¹Å¹t 1550 »X¥j­x³ò¥_¨Ê 1552 µe®a¤³­^(-1552?)³u 1559 ·¨·V(1488-1559)³u 1559 ¤å¼x©ú(1470-1559)³u 1562 ÄY·C¾D½}§K 1557 ¸²µå¤úÀò¿Dªù©~¦íÅv 1563 «\¤j·ß(1504-1580),±­Ä~¥ú(1528-1587)©óºÖ«Ø¯}­Ø±F 1564 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1566 ¿p©v(¦¶¸ü[¦Z¤u],1537-1572) 1566 ®ü·ç(1514-1587)«DÃø¥@©v(1507-1566)¤Jº» 1566 ¸²µå¤ú¤H«Ø³]¿Dªù 1567 ¶©¼y 1570 ½l¬ù©Ó»{»X¥j¹ïTurkestan©M¦èÂév¥DÅv 1570 §õÃkÀs(1514-157)³u 1572 ¯«©v(¦¶Öö¶v,1563-1620) 1572 ±i©~¥¿(1525-1582)¬°­º»²,°ª«ý(1512-1578)¾D½}§K 1573 ¸U¾ä 1578 §õ®É¬Ã(1518-1593)µÛ[¥»¯óºõ¥Ø](Great Pharmacopoeia)°Ý¥@ 1580 ±i©~¥¿(1525-1582)¤V¶q¥Ð¯a 1582 §d©Ó®¦(1510?-1582?)³u,µÛ¦³[¦è¹C°O] 1583 ¥Ó®É¦æ(1535-1614)¥ô­º»² 1584 ¯Õ©w²z(1534-1584)³u 1590 ¤ý¥@­s(1526-1590)³u 1592 ¤éàT¦Ú¨q¦N(Toyotomi Hideyoshi,1536-1598)¥X§L´ÂÂA 1593 ¤å¤H®}´ô(1521-1593)³u 1596 ¯Õ©w¦V(1524-1596)³u 1596 ¤é¤G¦¸¥X§L´ÂÂA 1601 ¸q¤j§Q­C¿q±Ð·|¶Ç±Ð¤h§Qº¿Äu(Matteo Ricci,1552-1610)¨ì¥_¨Ê 1602 §õðô(§õ¨ô§^, 1527-1602)º»¤¤¦Û±þ 1604 ÅU¾Ë¦¨(1550-1612)­««ØªFªL®Ñ°| 1606 °K¶À(°K¤F¤Z,1533-1606)³u,µÛ¦³[¤F¤Z¥|°V] 1610 °K§»¹D(1568-1610)³u 1615 ·R·sıù§Vº¸«¢¨ª(Nurhachi, 1559-1626)©w¤KºX¨î 1616 ´öÅ㯪(1550-1616)³u 1620 ¥ú©v(¦¶±`¬¥,1582-1620) 1620 ®õ©÷ ¿Q©v(¦¶¥Ñ®Õ,1605-1627) ©x«Æ¤§ª§°_ 1621 ¤Ñ±Ò 1623 ÃQ©¾½å(1568-1627)¬°ªF¼tªø©x 1627 «ä©v(¦¶¥ÑÀË,1611-1644) 1628 ±RºÕ ¦è¥_¤j°§¯î,§õ¦Û¦¨(1605-1645)¶Ã°_ 1630 °K±R·Ø(-1630)¾DæƦD 1636 ¸³¨ä©÷(1555-1636)³u 1637 §ºÀ³¬P(1587?-1650?)µÛ[¤Ñ¤u¶}ª«] 1642 ¬x©ÓÃ¥­°²M 1644 §õ¦Û¦¨(1605-1645)³´¥_¨Ê 1644 §d¤T®Û(1612-1678)­°²M 1644 ¥°¥ú ¦w©v(¦¶¥Ñ±],-1646) ºÖ¤ý§Y¦ì«n¨Ê 1645 ¶©ªZ ²Ð©v(¦¶¦ÖÁä,1602-1646) ­ð¤ý§Y¦ìºÖ¦{ 1645 ²ÐªZ ­ð¤ý(¦¶¦Ö[ª÷¸f],-1647) 1646 ¥Ã¾ä ®Û¤ý(¦¶¥Ñ·},1623-1662) §Y¦ì»F¼y 1650 ¾G¦¨¥\(Koxinga, 1624-1662)¥Hª÷ªù,·Hªù¬°¾ÚÂI 1658 ¾G¦¨¥\(1624-1662)«Ê©µ¥­°p¤ý 1659 ®Û¤ý(1623-1662)°k½q¨l 1661 ¾G¦¨¥\(1624-1662)§ð¥xÆW,ÅX²üÄõ¤H 1662 §d¤T®Û(1612-1678)±þ®Û¤ý(1623-1662) Qing/Ch'ing ²M (1616-1911,­p296¦~) 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 ....*...........*...........*...........*...........*...........*....... <-----+ ¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê (P.R.China, 1949-) <---------+ ¤¤µØ¥Á°ê (R.O.China, 1912-) +--------------²M-------------------+ (Qing/Ch'ing,1616-1911) (Ming, 1368-1644) +---------©ú-------------> ....*...........*...........*...........*...........*...........*....... 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¬Ó«Ò ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 1616 ¤Ñ©R ¤Ó¯ª(§Vº¸«¢¨ª,Nurhachi, 1559-1626)§Y¦ì,°ê¸¹¤jª÷(«áª÷),°ê³£¿³¨Ê 1624 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1626 ¤Ó©v(¬Ó¤Ó·¥,-1643) 1627 ¤ÑÁo 1636 ±R¼w 1636 §ï°ê¸¹¤j²M 1643 ¥@¯ª(ºÖÁ{,1638-1661) 1644 ¶¶ªv ©ú(1368-1644)·À 1650 Äá¬F¤ý¦hº¸³O³u(Dorgon,1612-1650) 1659 ¦¶µÏ¤ô(1600-1682)Âk¤Æ¤é¥»,©M¤ô¤á¾Ç¬£©¹¨Ó 1661 ¸t¯ª(¥ÈêM,1654-1722) 1662 ±dº³ 1666 ¼w°ê­C¿q±Ð·|¶Ç±Ð¤h´ö­Y±æ 1666 (Johann Adam Schall von Bell,1591-1666)³u 1671 ¯ÕÄ~­Z(-1671)³u 1673 ¤Tÿ¤§¶Ã(1673-1681)°_ 1676 ©|¥i³ß(1604-1676)³u 1678 §d¤T®Û(1612-1678)³u 1681 ¾G¸g(1642-1681)³u 1682 ÅUª¢ªZ(1613-1682)³u,µÛ¦³[¤éª¾¿ý] 1683 ¬I²w§ð¥xÆW,¾G§J¹×§ë­° 1684 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1692 ¤ý¤Ò¤§(¤ý¦Ó¹A,1619-1692)³u 1695 ¶À©v¿ª(1610-1695),µÛ¦³[©ú¾§¾Ç®×] 1705 ¤K¤j¤s¤H(¦¶ÐU,1626-1705)³u 1711 ¤ý¤hºÕ(1634-1711)³u 1715 »ZªQÄÖ(1640-1715)³u,µÛ¦³[²áÂN§Ó²§] 1716 [±dº³¦r¨å]°Ý¥@ 1718 µe¹¬¥ÛÀÜ(1642-1718?)³u 1721 ¥xÆW¦¶¤@¶QÁ|§L¥¢±Ñ 1722 ¥@©v(­NæÐ,1678-1735) 1723 ÅX³v¦U¦a°ò·þ±Ð¶Ç±Ð¤h 1723 ¹l¥¿ 1725 [¥j¤µ¹Ï®Ñ¶°¦¨]°Ý¥@ 1735 °ª©v(¥°¾ä,1711-1799) 1735 [©ú¥v]°Ý¥@ 1736 °®¶© 1740 [¤j²M¤@²Î§Ó]°Ý¥@ 1744 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1754 §d·q±ê(1701-1754)³u,µÛ¦³[¾§ªL¥~¥v] 1763 ±ä³·ªà(1724-1763)³u,µÛ¦³[¬õ¼Ó¹Ú] 1763 ®Ñµe®aª÷¹A(1687-1763)³u 1765 ¾GªO¾ô(1693-1765)³u 1766 [¤j²M·|¨å]°Ý¥@ 1769 ¸Ö¤H¨H¼w¼ç(1673-1769)³u 1780 [¥|®w¥þ®ÑîP­n]°Ý¥@ 1782 [¥|®w¥þ®Ñ]°Ý¥@ 1786 ¥xÆW¤Ñ¦a·|ªL²n¤å¤Ï¶Ã 1796 ¹Å¼y ¤¯©v(ñªÚ|,1760-1820) 1796 ¥Õ½¬±Ð¶Ã(White Lotus Rebellion,1796-1804)°_ 1797 °KªT(1716-1796)³u 1799 ©MÏÊ(-1799)¦Û±þ 1804 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1804 ¿ú¤j©ý(1728-1804)³u 1805 ¬ö©û(¬ö¾å´P,1724-1805)³u,­t³d¥D½s[¥|®w¥þ®Ñ] 1811 ¸T¤î°ò·þ±Ð¶Ç±Ð 1815 ¸TÀn¤ù 1820 «Å©v(Ìɹç,1782-1850) 1821 ¹D¥ú 1839 ªL«h®}(1785-1850)¿NÀn¤ù 1839 ¾~¤ù¾Ôª§(1st Opium War, 1839-1842) 1841 ÅǦ۬Ã(1792-1841)³u,µÛ¦³[©wêu¤å¶°] 1848 ®}ªQ(1781-1848)³u,µÛ¦³[§º·|­n] 1850 ¤å©v(«³[¨¥Ér],1831-1861) 1851 «wÂ× 1851 ¬x¨q¥þ(1814-1864)¦¨¥ß¤Ó¥­¤Ñ°ê 1851 (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, 1850-1864) 1852 ´¿°êÿ(1811-1872)²Õ´ð­x 1853 ²a¥_±É­x(1853-1868)°_ 1856 ­^ªkÁp­x(2nd Opium War, Arrow War, 1856-1860) 1861 ¿p©v(¸ü²E,1856-1875) 1861 ·OÁH(Tz'u-hsi, 1835-1908)««·GÅ¥¬F¶}©l 1861 ®¥¿Ë¤ý«³³`(1832-1898)³]Á`²z¦U°ê¨Æ°È¸Åªù 1862 ¦Pªv 1863 ¥Û¹F¶}(1831-1863)³Q±þ 1864 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1865 §õÂE³¹(Li Hung-chang, 1823-1901)¥ß¦¿«n»s³y§½ 1866 ¥ª©v´Å(1812-1885)³]ºÖ¦{³y²î¼t 1874 ¼w©v(¸üÙë,1871-1908) 1875 ¥úºü 1885 ¼B»Ê¶Ç(1836-1995)¥ô¥xÆW¨µ¼¾ 1889 ¥úºü(1871-1908)¿Ë¬F¶}©l 1894 ¤¤¤é¥Ò¤È¤§¾Ô(1894-1895) 1894 ­ð´º±](1841-1902)¥ô¥xÆW¨µ¼¾ 1895 ¤B¦¼©÷(¤B¬ê§Ê,1836-1895)¦Û±þ 1898 ÃÓ¶à¦P(1865-1898),±d¦³¬°(1858-1927)¥³¦¦Åܪk 1889 ±i¤§¬}(1837-1909)¥ô´ò¼sÁ`·þ,±À°Ê¬v°È¹B°Ê 1899 ¹D¤h¤ý¤¦öü©ó´°·×¥Û¸]²Ä17¸]µo²{¤j¶q®Ñµe¸g¨÷ 1900 ¸q©M¹Î¨Æ¥ó(Boxer Rebellion) 1900 §@®aÁ¦B¤ß(1900-)¥Í 1905 ¸Ö¤H¶À¿í¾Ë(1848-1905)³u 1901 ¼o¤KªÑ,¥Îµ¦½× 1902 ¾|¨³(©P§@¤H,1881-1936)¯d¤é 1904 ¤é«X¾Ôª§(1904-1905) 1906 ¼o¬ìÁ| 1907 ®}¿üÅï(-1907),°¨©vº~(-1907),¬î½@(1875-1907)³Q®·³B¦º 1908 «Å²Î«Ò(·Á»ö, Henry P'u-i, 1906-1967) 1909 «Å²Î 1911 ¶À¿³(1874-1916)¼s¦{°_¸q,¶Àªá±^¨Æ¥ó Republic ¥Á°ê (1911-) 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 ....*...........*...........*...........*...........*...........*....... <-----+ ¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê (P.R.China, 1949-) <---------+ ¤¤µØ¥Á°ê (R.O.China, 1912-) +--------------²M-------------------+ (Qing/Ch'ing,1616-1911) (Ming, 1368-1644) +---------©ú-------------> ....*...........*...........*...........*...........*...........*....... 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 Republic of China (in mainland China) ¤¤µØ¥Á°ê (1911-) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ Á`²Î ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 1912 ¥Á°ê ®]¤¤¤s(Sun Yat-sen, 1866-1925)«Ø°ê 1912 °K¥@³Í(Yuan Shih-k'ai, 1859-1916) 1913 §º±Ð¤¯(1882-1913)³Q±þ 1914 ²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô(1914-1918)°_ 1915 ³¯¿W¨q(1879-1942)³Ð[«C¦~Âø»x] 1915 §º¼yÄÖ(1893-1981)©M®]¤¤¤s(1866-1925)µ²±B 1916 ¾¤¤¸¥°(1864-1928) ¬q¸R·ç(1865-1936)¥ô°ê°ÈÁ`²z,´¤¹êÅv 1917 ±i¾±(1854-1923)´_¹@¥¢±Ñ 1917 §d¸X·u(1865-1953)½s[°ê­µ¦r¨å] 1917 ¤ò¿AªF(1893-1976)©óªø¨F³]·s¥Á¾Ç·| 1917 «X°ê¤G¤ë­²©R,¨F¬Ó°h¦ì(Nicholas II, 1868-1918) 1917 «X°ê¤Q¤ë­²©R,¦C¹ç(1870-1924)´xÅv 1918 ¸Ö¤HĬ°Ò®í(Ĭ¥È·ë,Ĭ¤l½\,1884-1918)³u 1919 ¤­¥|¹B°Ê(the May Fourth Movement) 1919 ¥_¬v¬F©²±ä¦¼ÀM(1877-1966)¾D¼u¨ð§K¾ 1921 ´°ªj­Y(1892-1978)©M­§¹F¤Ò(1896-1945)¦X¿ì³Ð¦¨ªÀ 1921 ±À°Ê®öº©¥D¸q¤å¾Ç¹B°Ê 1921 ÄY´_(1853-1921)³u 1922 ­J¾A(1891-1962)±À¦æ¥Õ¸Ü¤å¹B°Ê 1922 ¥î§ÊªÚ(1842-1922)³u 1923 ±äÀC(1862-1938) 1924 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1924 °ê¦@²Ä¤@¦¸¦X§@ 1924 ¶À®H­x®Õ³]¥ß 1924 ªLÓV(1852-1924)³u 1925 ®]¤¤¤s(1866-1925)³u 1925 ¹ù¥ò·_(1877-1925)³Q±þ 1927 §õ¤j°x(1889-1927)³Q±þ 1927 ¤ý°êºû(1877-1927)¦Û±þ,µÛ¦³[¤H¶¡µü¸Ü] 1928 ½±¤¤¥¿(Chiang Kai-shek, 1887-1975) 1928 «n¨Ê°ê¥Á¬F©²(Nationalist Government)¦¨¥ß 1928 ±i§@ÀM(1875-1928)³Q±þ 1929 ±ç±Ò¶W(1873-1929)³u 1930 ¥xÆWÃúªÀ¨Æ¥ó 1931 º¡¦{¨ÆÅÜ,¤é­x«IµØ15¦~¾Ôª§(1931-1945)¶}©l 1931 ·çª÷¤¤µØĬºû®J¬F©²¦¨¥ß 1932 º¡¦{°ê¦¨¥ß(1932-1945) 1932 ¤W®ü¨ÆÅÜ 1932 ±i©v©÷(1882-1932)³u 1933 ¤Úª÷(§õ³ó°ó,§õªè¥Ì,1904-)µÛ[®a] 1934 ±À¦æ·s¥Í¬¡¹B°Ê 1934 ¬õ­x±ó·çª÷,ªø©º(1934-1936)¶}©l 1934 ¨H±q¤å(1902-1988)µÛ[Ãä«°] 1934 ¦Ò¥j¾ÇªÌ¶À¤å´](1893-1966)µÛ[°ª©÷³³¶°] 1935 ¦@²£ÄÒ¿í¸q·|ij 1935 ®Lèó(1910-1985)µ¥µo±¸®ï¼V 1935 £¬î¥Õ(1899-1935)³Q±þ 1936 ¦è¦w¨ÆÅÜ(Sian Incident),±i¾Ç¨}(1901-)¦Û¦¹¾D³n¸T 1936 ¾|¨³(©P§@¤H,1881-1936)³u 1936 ³¹¬±Åï(1869-1936)³u 1936 ­Jº~¥Á(1879-1936)³u 1937 ¹ï¤é§Ü¾Ô(1937-1945)¶}©l 1937 °ê¦@²Ä¤G¦¸¦X§@,¦¨¥ß§Ü¤é¥Á±Ú²Î¤@¾Ô½u 1937 «n¨Ê¤j±O±þ(Nanking Massacre) 1938 ¾E³£­«¼y 1938 ­ð²Ð»ö(1860-1938)³u 1939 §d¨Ø§·(1874-1939)³u 1940 ¨Lºë½Ã(Wang Ching-wei, 1883-1944)«n¨Ê¬F©²¦¨¥ß 1940 ½²¤¸°ö(1868-1940)³u 1940 ù®¶¥É(1866-1940)³u 1941 ¤Ó¥­¬v¾Ôª§(1941-1945)°_ 1942 ¥°¤@¤j®v(§õ®§Á÷, 1880-1942)³u 1943 ¶}ù·|ij(Cairo Conference) 1944 ¨L¥ü»Ê(1883-1944)³u 1946 ¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¾Ëªk³q¹L 1946 °ê¦@¤º¾Ô°_ 1946 ¸Ö¤H»D¤@¦h(1899-1946)³Q±þ 1947 ¤Óµê¤j®v(1890-1947)³u 1947 ¥xÆW¤G¤G¤K¨Æ¥ó 1948 ¶¾¥É²»(1880-1948)³u Republic of China (in Taiwan) 1949 ¾E³£¥x¥_,¹ê¬I§ÙÄY¥O 1949 ±À¦æ[¤T¤C¤­´î¯²] 1950 Áú¾Ô(1950-1953)°_ 1950 ³Å´µ¦~(1896-1950)³u 1951 ±À¦æ[¤½¦a©ñ»â] 1953 ±À¦æ[¯ÑªÌ¦³¨ä¥Ð] 1958 ¤K¤G¤Tª÷ªù¯¥¾Ô 1960 ¶V¾Ô(1960-1975)°_ 1960 ¤¤³¡¾î³e¤½¸ô³q¨® 1960 ­×§ï¾ËªkÁ{®É±ø´Ú,¤¹³\Á`²Î±o¥H³s¿ï³s¥ô 1960 ÀFÁí¤s(1883-1960)³u 1969 ù®a­Û(1895-1969)³u 1970 ­ð¥Í´¼(1885-1970)³u 1964 ³Á§Jªü·æ¤½¸ô³q¨® 1964 ¥Ûªù¤ô®w®m¤u 1965 ¬ü´©¤¤¤î 1966 ¥_³¡¾î³e¤½¸ô³q¨® 1968 ¹ê¬I¤E¦~°ê¥Á¸q°È±Ð¨| 1971 «OÅ@³¨³½¥x¹B°Ê¶}©l 1971 °h¥XÁp¦X°ê 1972 «n³¡¾î³e¤½¸ô³q¨® 1972 ¤¤¤éÂ_¥æ 1973 ²Ä¤@¦¸¥Ûªo¦M¾÷ 1973 ±À°Ê¤Q¶µ«Ø³] 1975 ÄY®aÒ\ ½±¤¤¥¿(1887-1975)³u 1976 ªL»y°ó(1895-1976)³u 1977 ¤¤¬üÂ_¥æ 1977 ¤¤Ãc¨Æ¥ó,ÄÒ¥~³\«H¨}·í¿ï®ç¶é¿¤ªø 1978 ½±¸g°ê(Chang Ching-kuo, 1910-1988) 1978 ¬ü°ê[¥xÆWÃö«Yªk]³q¹L 1978 ¤¤¤s°ª³t¤½¸ô³q¨® 1979 ®ç¶é¤¤¥¿°ê»Ú¾÷³õ(CKS Airport)±Ò¥Î 1979 ¬üÄR®qÂø»x¨Æ¥ó,ÄÒ¥~¿ïÁ|¦êÁp¨ü®À 1981 ÅU¾e­è(1893-1981)³u 1984 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1985 ²Ä¤Q«H¥Î¦X§@ªÀ­Ë³¬¨Æ¥ó 1985 ÅUºû¶v(1888-1985)³u 1986 ¥Á¥D¶i¨BÄÒ¦¨¥ß 1986 ¼s´Ü¤W¤H(1892-1986)³u 1987 §ÙÄY¥O(³ø¸T,ÄÒ¸T)¸Ñ°£,¶}©ñ¤j³°±´¿Ë 1987 ±ç¹ê¬î(1902-1987)³u 1988 ½±¸g°ê(1910-1988)³u 1988 §õµn½÷(Lee Teng-hui, 1923-) 1990 ¿ú¿p(1895-1990)³u 1991 ¼o¤î¾ËªkÁ{®É±ø´Ú 1993 ¶d®¶¨j,¨L¹D²[·|½Í 1993 ·sÄÒ¦¨¥ß 1995 ¤G¤G¤K°O©À¸O¸¨¦¨ 1995 §õµn½÷(1923-)³X¬ü 1995 «Å¤Æ¤W¤H(-1995)³u 1996 ¥xÆW®ü®l¾É¼u¨Æ¥ó 1997 ¥_³¡²Ä¤G°ª³t¤½¸ô³q¨® 1997 ¥x¥_±¶¹B²H¤ô-¤ì¬]½u³q¨® People's Republic of China ¤¤µØ¤H¥Á¦@©M°ê (1949-) ¦è¤¸ ¦~¸¹ ¥D®u ³Æµù ---- ---- ---- ----- 1949 ¤ò¿AªF(Mao Zedong, 1893-1976)«Ø°ê,©w³£¥_¨Ê 1950 ´ÂÂA¾Ôª§(1950-1953)°_ 1953 ®}´dÂE(1895-1953)³u 1957 »ô¥Õ¥Û(1863-1957)³u 1958 ¤jÅD¶i(Great Leap Forward) 1959 ¹F¿à³â¹À14¥@(1935-)¨«ÁצL«× 1959 µê¶³¤j®v(Xu Yun, 1858-1959)³u 1960 ¶V«n¾Ôª§(1960-1975)°_ 1961 ±öÄõªÚ(1895-1961)³u 1964 ­ì¤l¼u¸ÕÃz¦¨¥\ 1966 ¤å¤Æ¤j­²©R(Cultural Revolution, 1966-1977) 1966 ¦ÑªÙ(µÎ¼y¬K,1899-1966)¦Û±þ 1968 ¼@§@®a¥Ðº~(1898-1968)³u 1969 ¼B¤Ö©_(1898-1969)³u 1970 §@®a»¯¾ð²z(1906-1970)³u 1971 ¶i¤JÁp¦X°ê,¨ú¥N¥xÆW®u¦ì 1971 ªL³C(1907-1971?)³u 1972 ¤W®ü¤½³ø 1972 ¤¤¤é«Ø¥æ 1974 ´^¼wÃh(1898-1974)³u 1976 ¦¶¼w(1886-1976)³u 1976 ©P®¦¨Ó(Zhou Enlai, 1898-1976)³u 1976 ¤ò¿AªF(1893-1976)³u 1976 µØ°ê®p(Hua Guofeng, 1920-) 1976 ¥|¤HÀ°¦¿«C(1913-1991)µ¥¥¢¶Õ 1977 ¤¤¬ü«Ø¥æ 1981 ¾H¤p¥­(Deng Xiaoping, 1904-1996) 1981 ­T¬Þ(¨H¼wÂE,¨H¶­¦B,1896-1981)³u 1982 ±Ä§ï­²¶}©ñ¸ô½u 1984 ¥Ò¤l¦~ 1985 ­J­·(±i¥ú¤H,1902-1985)³u 1986 ¸­¼C­^(1897-1986)³u 1986 ¤B¬Â(½±¦B«º,1904-1986)³u 1987 »¯µµ¶§(Zhao Ziyang, 1919-) 1989 ¤Ñ¦wªù(Tiananmen Square)¨Æ¥ó 1989 ¦¿¿A¥Á(Jiang Zemin, 1926-) 1989 ©P´­(©P°_À³,1908-1989)³u 1990 ¶¾¤ÍÄõ(1894-1990)³u 1995 ´£¥X¦¿¤KÂI 1996 ¾H¤p¥­(1904-1996)³u 1997 ­»´ä¦^Âk Reference: 1.¯³¥H«eªº¦~ªí(chronology)¦U®a»¡ªk¤£¤@,¶È¾Ú¤U¦C¸ê®Æ§@ªí¦C: "http://www.edu.tw/clc/dict/html/fulu/fumain.htm" °ê»yÃã¨å¥Á°ê¤K¤Q¤»¦~(1997)¤G¤ëª©Ãã¨åªþ¿ý ªþ¿ý¤@:¤¤°ê¾ú¥N¬ö¦~ªí ªþ¿ý¤G:¤¤°ê¾ú¥N«Ò¤ý¦~ªí ªþ¿ý¤T:¤¤°ê¾ú¥N¦~¸¹¯Á¤Þªí 2."http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/time_line.html" Chinese History Timeline 3."http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/chinhist.html" Chinese Dynastic History Compiled from Compton's Living Encyclopedia on America Online (August 1995) 4."http://www-lj.eb.com:82" Britannica Online Search 5."http://twStudy.sinica.edu.tw/Guide/formosan/a20756521/history/table/index.html" ¥xÆW¾ú¥v¦~ªí,²×¾Ô½g 6."http://aff.law.ntu.edu.tw/after_war/content.html" ³\¤¶Åì,"¾Ô«á¥xÆW¥v°O",1997¦~ºô¸ôª© 7.³¯µÏ¦ÚµÛ,"¤¤°êÇU¾ú¥v²Ä15¨÷¦~ªí,¾ú¥v¦a¹Ï,¯Á¤Þ",¥­¤ZªÀ,1983 8.Goodrich, L.Carringtons and Fang, Chaoying (©Ð¥ü·­), "Dictionary of Ming Biography" (©ú¥N¦W¤H¿ý) Columbia University Press, 1976 9.çÔ³X¸q¯Â,¤¤[¤s³¾]¶©ÂÃĶ,"¤j­¼¦ò¨å¤¤°ê¤é¥»½g14°ª¹¬¶Ç",¤¤¥¡¤½½×ªÀ,1991 10.¶À¤¯¦t,"¸U¾ä¤Q¤­¦~",¤¤µØ®Ñ§½,1982 11.Huang, Ray (¶À¤¯¦t), "China, A Macro History", 1990.¤s¥»­^¥vĶ,ªF¤è®Ñ§½,1994 12.³¯µÏ¦Ú,§À±T¨q¾ð,"¥@¬ÉÇU¾ú¥vÇO¤å¤Æ,¤¤°ê",·s¼éªÀ,1993 13."http://210.61.183.99/bin/open98.exe/read?database=inksoon&book=a22&block=4" ¦L¶¶¾É®v,"¦L¶¶¾É®v¥þ¶°,¦ò±Ð¥v¦a¦Ò,¥|,½×¦ò·Àªº¦~¥N",1957 bc1029-bc949, bc1027-bc947 ¤¤°ê¥j»¡,¤¸ÃQ¾èµL³Ì©ó520¦~¾Ú[©P®Ñ²§°O]´£¥X -bc589,-bc587 ¿üÄõ,½q¨l»¡ªk -bc546,-bc544,-bc543 -bc544¬°¥@¬É¦ò±Ð®{¤Í½Ë·|²Ä¤T©¡¤j·|³q¹L -bc498,-bc496 «n¶Ç¦ò±Ð(¿üÄõ)¥j»¡ªk,¾Ú[µ½¨£«ßÏi±C¨F] -bc390,-bc387,-bc384 ¥_¶Ç¦ò±Ð(í仫)»¡ªk,¾Ú[ªü¨|¤ý¶Ç] (Shakyamuni,bc1029?-bc950?,bc469?-bc390?)³u 14."http://www.xys.org/pages/ehistory.html" History Collection at Xin Yu Su 15.¤z¤ä­p®Éªk«Y '§Q¥Î¤Q¤Ñ¤z¤Î¤Q¤G¦a¤ä¨Ì¦¸¬Û°t¡A¦¨¬°¥H¤»¤Q¬°©P´Áªº§Ç¼Æ°O¿ý¦~·³ªº¤èªk¡C¨Ì §Ç±q¥Ò¤l¡B¤A¤¡¡B¤þ±G¡B¤B¥f¡B¡K¡K¦Ü¬Ñ¥è¡A©P¦Ó´_©l¡C®ï¥N¤RÃã¤w¥Î¤z¤ä¬ö¤é ¡A¯³º~¥H«á¤~¥Î¥H¬ö¦~¡B¤ë¡A¨Ã¥H¦a¤ä¬ö®É¡C' ¥H¤W¤Þ¥Î¦Û,°ê»yÃã¨å¥Á°ê¤K¤Q¤»¦~(1997)¤G¤ëª©,"http://www.edu.tw/clc/dict" ¤Q¤Ñ¤z: ¥Ò ¤A ¤þ ¤B ¥³ ¤v ©° ¨¯ ¤Ð ¬Ñ ¤Q¤G¦a¤ä: ¤l ¤¡ ±G ¥f ¨° ¤x ¤È ¥¼ ¥Ó ¨» ¦¦ ¥è 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 ®É¨°°_ 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 ®É¨°²× ¹« ¤û ªê §K Às ³D °¨ ¦Ï µU Âû ª¯ ½Þ 0. ¥Ò¤l ¤A¤¡ ¤þ±G ¤B¥f ¥³¨° 5. ¤v¤x ©°¤È ¨¯¥¼ ¤Ð¥Ó ¬Ñ¨» 10. ¥Ò¦¦ ¤A¥è ¤þ¤l ¤B¤¡ ¥³±G 15. ¤v¥f ©°¨° ¨¯¤x ¤Ð¤È ¬Ñ¥¼ 20. ¥Ò©° ¤A¨» ¤þ¦¦ ¤B¥è ¥³¤l 25. ¤v¤¡ ©°±G ¨¯¥f ¤Ð¨° ¬Ñ¤x 30. ¥Ò¤È ¤A¥¼ ¤þ¥Ó ¤B¨» ¥³¦¦ 35. ¤v¥è ©°¤l ¨¯¤¡ ¤Ð±G ¬Ñ¥f 40. ¥Ò¨° ¤A¤x ¤þ¤È ¤B¥¼ ¥³¥Ó 45. ¤v¨» ©°¦¦ ¨¯¥è ¤Ð¤l ¬Ñ¤¡ 50. ¥Ò±G ¤A¥f ¤þ¨° ¤B¤x ¥³¤È 55. ¤v¥¼ ©°¥Ó ¨¯­© ¤Ð¦¦ ¬Ñ¥è ¾ú¥v¤Wªº¥Ò¤l¦~ 1984,1684,1384,1084,784,484,184,b117,b417,b717,b1017,b1317,b1617,b1917 1924,1624,1324,1024,724,424,124,b177,b477,b777,b1077,b1377,b1677,b1977 1864,1564,1264, 964,664,364, 64,b237,b537,b837,b1137,b1437,b1737,b2037 1804,1504,1204, 904,604,304, 4,b297,b597,b897,b1197,b1497,b1797,b2097 1744,1444,1144, 844,544,244,b57,b357,b657,b957,b1257,b1557,b1857,b2157 ============================================================================== You are welcome to download and add new information for your site's use. Also, any comment or correction are welcome to Seke Wei at seke@sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp. Thank you.